CV. XML értelmező függvények

Bemutatás

Az XML-ről néhány szóban

Az XML (eXtensible Markup Language) olyan adatformátum, amit a Weben keresztüli adatcserére terveztek. Ezt az ajánlást a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) dolgozta ki és gondozza. További információk az XML-ről és a kapcsolódó technológiákról a http://www.w3.org/XML/ címen található.

Installálás

Ez a kiterjesztés az expat könyvtárat használja, amely a http://www.jclark.com/xml/ címen beszerezhető. A Makefile, amely ezzel a csomaggal jön alapértelmezés szerint nem telepíti a nekünk szükséges eljáráskönyvtárat, ehhez a következő sorokat kell beleírni:
libexpat.a: $(OBJS)
    ar -rc $@ $(OBJS)
    ranlib $@
Elérhető forrás RPM csomag is a következő helyen: http://sourceforge.net/projects/expat/, ha nem akarsz kínlódni a fordítással ;)

Az Apache 1.3.7 vagy későbbi verziójával már együtt jár az expat könyvtár. Ekkor a PHP-t csak egyszerűen a --with-xml opcióval kell fordítani - minden kiegészítő elérési útvonal nélkül - és ekkor az Apacheüba épített expat könyvtárat használja majd.

Az UNIX rendszereken a configure parancsot kell a --with-xml kapcsolóval. Az expat könyvtárnak olyan helyen kell installálva lennie, ahol a fordító el tudja érni. Ha a PHP-t modulként Apache 1.3.9 (ennek vagy későbbi verziójú) alá installálod, akkor a PHP automatikusan az Apache beépített expat eljáráskönyvtárat fogja használni. Szükség lehet CPPFLAGS és a LDFLAGS környezeti változók beállítására a rendszeren, mielőtt elindítod a configure parancsot, ha az expat-ot valamilyen egzotikus helyre installáltad.

A PHP telepítése.... Tada! Ezt kell(ene) látnod!

Erről a bővítményről

Ez a PHP bővítmény támogatást nyújt a James Clark által írt expat-hoz a PHP-ben. Ezzel az eszkökézslettel elemezhetsz, de nem érvényesíthetsz XML dokumentumokat. Háromféle forrás karakter kódolást támogat, amit a PHP is: US-ASCII, ISO-8859-1 és azUTF-8. Az UTF-16 nem támogatott.

Ezzel a bővítménnyel létrehozhatsz XML elemzőket madj definiálhatsz "handler"-eket különféle XML feladatokhoz. Mindegyik XML elemzőnek van néhány paramétere amit beállíthasz.

Az XML eseménykezelők:

Táblázat 1. Támogatott XML kezelők (handler-ek)

PHP függvény a handler beállításáhozEvent description
xml_set_element_handler() Element events are issued whenever the XML parser encounters start or end tags. There are separate handlers for start tags and end tags.
xml_set_character_data_handler() Character data is roughly all the non-markup contents of XML documents, including whitespace between tags. Note that the XML parser does not add or remove any whitespace, it is up to the application (you) to decide whether whitespace is significant.
xml_set_processing_instruction_handler() PHP programmers should be familiar with processing instructions (PIs) already. <?php ?> is a processing instruction, where php is called the "PI target". The handling of these are application-specific, except that all PI targets starting with "XML" are reserved.
xml_set_default_handler() What goes not to another handler goes to the default handler. You will get things like the XML and document type declarations in the default handler.
xml_set_unparsed_entity_decl_handler() This handler will be called for declaration of an unparsed (NDATA) entity.
xml_set_notation_decl_handler() This handler is called for declaration of a notation.
xml_set_external_entity_ref_handler() This handler is called when the XML parser finds a reference to an external parsed general entity. This can be a reference to a file or URL, for example. See the external entity example for a demonstration.

Case Folding

The element handler functions may get their element names case-folded. Case-folding is defined by the XML standard as "a process applied to a sequence of characters, in which those identified as non-uppercase are replaced by their uppercase equivalents". In other words, when it comes to XML, case-folding simply means uppercasing.

By default, all the element names that are passed to the handler functions are case-folded. This behaviour can be queried and controlled per XML parser with the xml_parser_get_option() and xml_parser_set_option() functions, respectively.

Error Codes

The following constants are defined for XML error codes (as returned by xml_parse()):

XML_ERROR_NONE
XML_ERROR_NO_MEMORY
XML_ERROR_SYNTAX
XML_ERROR_NO_ELEMENTS
XML_ERROR_INVALID_TOKEN
XML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_TOKEN
XML_ERROR_PARTIAL_CHAR
XML_ERROR_TAG_MISMATCH
XML_ERROR_DUPLICATE_ATTRIBUTE
XML_ERROR_JUNK_AFTER_DOC_ELEMENT
XML_ERROR_PARAM_ENTITY_REF
XML_ERROR_UNDEFINED_ENTITY
XML_ERROR_RECURSIVE_ENTITY_REF
XML_ERROR_ASYNC_ENTITY
XML_ERROR_BAD_CHAR_REF
XML_ERROR_BINARY_ENTITY_REF
XML_ERROR_ATTRIBUTE_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_REF
XML_ERROR_MISPLACED_XML_PI
XML_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ENCODING
XML_ERROR_INCORRECT_ENCODING
XML_ERROR_UNCLOSED_CDATA_SECTION
XML_ERROR_EXTERNAL_ENTITY_HANDLING

Character Encoding

PHP's XML extension supports the Unicode character set through different character encodings. There are two types of character encodings, source encoding and target encoding. PHP's internal representation of the document is always encoded with UTF-8.

Source encoding is done when an XML document is parsed. Upon creating an XML parser, a source encoding can be specified (this encoding can not be changed later in the XML parser's lifetime). The supported source encodings are ISO-8859-1, US-ASCII and UTF-8. The former two are single-byte encodings, which means that each character is represented by a single byte. UTF-8 can encode characters composed by a variable number of bits (up to 21) in one to four bytes. The default source encoding used by PHP is ISO-8859-1.

Target encoding is done when PHP passes data to XML handler functions. When an XML parser is created, the target encoding is set to the same as the source encoding, but this may be changed at any point. The target encoding will affect character data as well as tag names and processing instruction targets.

If the XML parser encounters characters outside the range that its source encoding is capable of representing, it will return an error.

If PHP encounters characters in the parsed XML document that can not be represented in the chosen target encoding, the problem characters will be "demoted". Currently, this means that such characters are replaced by a question mark.

Some Examples

Here are some example PHP scripts parsing XML documents.

XML Element Structure Example

This first example displays the stucture of the start elements in a document with indentation.

Példa 1. Show XML Element Structure

$file = "data.xml";
$depth = array();

function startElement($parser, $name, $attrs) {
    global $depth;
    for ($i = 0; $i < $depth[$parser]; $i++) {
        print "  ";
    }
    print "$name\n";
    $depth[$parser]++;
}

function endElement($parser, $name) {
    global $depth;
    $depth[$parser]--;
}

$xml_parser = xml_parser_create();
xml_set_element_handler($xml_parser, "startElement", "endElement");
if (!($fp = fopen($file, "r"))) {
    die("could not open XML input");
}

while ($data = fread($fp, 4096)) {
    if (!xml_parse($xml_parser, $data, feof($fp))) {
        die(sprintf("XML error: %s at line %d",
                    xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($xml_parser)),
                    xml_get_current_line_number($xml_parser)));
    }
}
xml_parser_free($xml_parser);

XML Tag Mapping Example

Példa 2. Map XML to HTML

This example maps tags in an XML document directly to HTML tags. Elements not found in the "map array" are ignored. Of course, this example will only work with a specific XML document type.
$file = "data.xml";
$map_array = array(
    "BOLD"     => "B",
    "EMPHASIS" => "I",
    "LITERAL"  => "TT"
);

function startElement($parser, $name, $attrs) {
    global $map_array;
    if ($htmltag = $map_array[$name]) {
        print "<$htmltag>";
    }
}

function endElement($parser, $name) {
    global $map_array;
    if ($htmltag = $map_array[$name]) {
        print "</$htmltag>";
    }
}

function characterData($parser, $data) {
    print $data;
}

$xml_parser = xml_parser_create();
// use case-folding so we are sure to find the tag in $map_array
xml_parser_set_option($xml_parser, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, true);
xml_set_element_handler($xml_parser, "startElement", "endElement");
xml_set_character_data_handler($xml_parser, "characterData");
if (!($fp = fopen($file, "r"))) {
    die("could not open XML input");
}

while ($data = fread($fp, 4096)) {
    if (!xml_parse($xml_parser, $data, feof($fp))) {
        die(sprintf("XML error: %s at line %d",
                    xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($xml_parser)),
                    xml_get_current_line_number($xml_parser)));
    }
}
xml_parser_free($xml_parser);

XML External Entity Example

This example highlights XML code. It illustrates how to use an external entity reference handler to include and parse other documents, as well as how PIs can be processed, and a way of determining "trust" for PIs containing code.

XML documents that can be used for this example are found below the example (xmltest.xml and xmltest2.xml.)

Példa 3. External Entity Example

$file = "xmltest.xml";

function trustedFile($file) {
    // only trust local files owned by ourselves
    if (!eregi("^([a-z]+)://", $file) 
        && fileowner($file) == getmyuid()) {
            return true;
    }
    return false;
}

function startElement($parser, $name, $attribs) {
    print "&lt;<font color=\"#0000cc\">$name</font>";
    if (sizeof($attribs)) {
        while (list($k, $v) = each($attribs)) {
            print " <font color=\"#009900\">$k</font>=\"<font 
                   color=\"#990000\">$v</font>\"";
        }
    }
    print "&gt;";
}

function endElement($parser, $name) {
    print "&lt;/<font color=\"#0000cc\">$name</font>&gt;";
}

function characterData($parser, $data) {
    print "<b>$data</b>";
}

function PIHandler($parser, $target, $data) {
    switch (strtolower($target)) {
        case "php":
            global $parser_file;
            // If the parsed document is "trusted", we say it is safe
            // to execute PHP code inside it.  If not, display the code
            // instead.
            if (trustedFile($parser_file[$parser])) {
                eval($data);
            } else {
                printf("Untrusted PHP code: <i>%s</i>", 
                        htmlspecialchars($data));
            }
            break;
    }
}

function defaultHandler($parser, $data) {
    if (substr($data, 0, 1) == "&" && substr($data, -1, 1) == ";") {
        printf('<font color="#aa00aa">%s</font>', 
                htmlspecialchars($data));
    } else {
        printf('<font size="-1">%s</font>', 
                htmlspecialchars($data));
    }
}

function externalEntityRefHandler($parser, $openEntityNames, $base, $systemId,
                                  $publicId) {
    if ($systemId) {
        if (!list($parser, $fp) = new_xml_parser($systemId)) {
            printf("Could not open entity %s at %s\n", $openEntityNames,
                   $systemId);
            return false;
        }
        while ($data = fread($fp, 4096)) {
            if (!xml_parse($parser, $data, feof($fp))) {
                printf("XML error: %s at line %d while parsing entity %s\n",
                       xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($parser)),
                       xml_get_current_line_number($parser), $openEntityNames);
                xml_parser_free($parser);
                return false;
            }
        }
        xml_parser_free($parser);
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

function new_xml_parser($file) {
    global $parser_file;

    $xml_parser = xml_parser_create();
    xml_parser_set_option($xml_parser, XML_OPTION_CASE_FOLDING, 1);
    xml_set_element_handler($xml_parser, "startElement", "endElement");
    xml_set_character_data_handler($xml_parser, "characterData");
    xml_set_processing_instruction_handler($xml_parser, "PIHandler");
    xml_set_default_handler($xml_parser, "defaultHandler");
    xml_set_external_entity_ref_handler($xml_parser, "externalEntityRefHandler");
    
    if (!($fp = @fopen($file, "r"))) {
        return false;
    }
    if (!is_array($parser_file)) {
        settype($parser_file, "array");
    }
    $parser_file[$xml_parser] = $file;
    return array($xml_parser, $fp);
}

if (!(list($xml_parser, $fp) = new_xml_parser($file))) {
    die("could not open XML input");
}

print "<pre>";
while ($data = fread($fp, 4096)) {
    if (!xml_parse($xml_parser, $data, feof($fp))) {
        die(sprintf("XML error: %s at line %d\n",
                    xml_error_string(xml_get_error_code($xml_parser)),
                    xml_get_current_line_number($xml_parser)));
    }
}
print "</pre>";
print "parse complete\n";
xml_parser_free($xml_parser);

?>

Példa 4. xmltest.xml

<?xml version='1.0'?>
<!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "/just/a/test.dtd" [
<!ENTITY plainEntity "FOO entity">
<!ENTITY systemEntity SYSTEM "xmltest2.xml">
]>
<chapter>
 <TITLE>Title &plainEntity;</TITLE>
 <para>
  <informaltable>
   <tgroup cols="3">
    <tbody>
     <row><entry>a1</entry><entry morerows="1">b1</entry><entry>c1</entry></row>
     <row><entry>a2</entry><entry>c2</entry></row>
     <row><entry>a3</entry><entry>b3</entry><entry>c3</entry></row>
    </tbody>
   </tgroup>
  </informaltable>
 </para>
 &systemEntity;
 <section id="about">
  <title>About this Document</title>
  <para>
   <!-- this is a comment -->
   <?php print 'Hi!  This is PHP version '.phpversion(); ?>
  </para>
 </section>
</chapter>

This file is included from xmltest.xml:

Példa 5. xmltest2.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE foo [
<!ENTITY testEnt "test entity">
]>
<foo>
   <element attrib="value"/>
   &testEnt;
   <?php print "This is some more PHP code being executed."; ?>
</foo>

Tartalom
utf8_decode --  UTF-8 kódolt sztring ISO-8859-1 karaktereit egybájtos ISO-8859-1 karakterekre cseréli
utf8_encode -- ISO-8859-1 szöveget UTF-8 szerint kódol át
xml_error_string -- visszaadja az XML elemző egy tipikus hibájához tartozó szöveget
xml_get_current_byte_index --  visszaadja az aktuális bájtindexet egy XML elemzőhöz
xml_get_current_column_number --  visszaadja az aktuális oszlop számát egy XML elemzőhöz
xml_get_current_line_number -- visszaadja az aktuális sorindexet egy XML elemzőhöz
xml_get_error_code -- visszadja az elemzés hibakódját
xml_parse_into_struct -- XML adatot tömbökbe pakol
xml_parse -- elemez egy XML dokumentumot
xml_parser_create_ns --  XML elemzőt hoz létre
xml_parser_create -- XML elemzőt hoz létre
xml_parser_free -- megszünteti az XML elemzőt
xml_parser_get_option -- információt ad az XML elemzőről
xml_parser_set_option -- beállítja az XML elemző paramétereit
xml_set_character_data_handler -- set up character data handler
xml_set_default_handler -- set up default handler
xml_set_element_handler -- set up start and end element handlers
xml_set_end_namespace_decl_handler --  Set up character data handler
xml_set_external_entity_ref_handler -- set up external entity reference handler
xml_set_notation_decl_handler -- set up notation declaration handler
xml_set_object -- Use XML Parser within an object
xml_set_processing_instruction_handler --  Set up processing instruction (PI) handler
xml_set_start_namespace_decl_handler --  Set up character data handler
xml_set_unparsed_entity_decl_handler --  Set up unparsed entity declaration handler